Definition and Examples of Anti-Rhetoric

In argumentative speech and  writing, anti-rhetoric is  the act of disparaging an opponents use of language by characterizing it as rhetoric or oratory, with the implication that eloquent language is inherently meaningless (mere words) or deceitful. Also called straight talk. As Sam Leith has observed, Being anti-rhetoric is, finally, just another rhetorical strategy. Rhetoric is what the other guy is doing—whereas you, youre just speaking the plain truth as you see it (Words Like Loaded Pistols: Rhetoric From Aristotle to Obama; Basic Books, 2012). Examples and Observations My opponent gives speeches. I offer solutions. (Hillary Rodham Clinton in a speech to General Motors employees in Warren, Ohio, Feb. 14, 2008) We think this journal may at least be justly commended for its comparative freedom from high-flown rhetoric. We recently rejected a somewhat elaborate paper on an important topic chiefly on account of its stilted and turgid style, and our pen often makes sad work with the fine passages which adorn (?) the contributions sent us by young writers. (E.E. White, editorial in The National Teacher, Volume 1, 1871) Taffeta phrases, silken terms precise,Three-piled hyperboles, spruce affectation,Figures pedantical; these summer-fliesHave blown me full of maggot ostentation:I do forswear them; and I here protest,By this white glove—how white the hand, God knows!—Henceforth my wooing mind shall be expressdIn russet yeas and honest kersey noes.(Lord Berowne in William Shakespeares Loves Labours Lost, Act 5, scene 2) Palin vs. Obama: Cravin That Straight TalkBarack Obama has been denounced again and again as a privileged wordsmith, a man of mere words who has authored two books (to use Sarah Palin’s verb), and done little else. The leathery extremist Phyllis Schlafly had this to say, at the Republican Convention, about Palin: I like her because she’s a woman who’s worked with her hands, which Barack Obama never did, he was just an à ©litist who worked with words. The fresher-faced extremist Rick Santorum, a former Republican senator, called Obama just a person of words, adding, Words are everything to him. . . .†Sarah Palin . . . may claim, as she did in last Thursday’s Vice-Presidential debate, that Americans are cravin’ that straight talk, but they are sure not going to get it from the Governor—not with her peculiar habit of speaking only half a sentence and then moving on to another for spoliation, that strange, ghostly drifting through the hazi est phrases. (James Wood, Verbage. The New Yorker, October 13, 2008) The Anti-Rhetoric of Presidents and Prime Ministers   It is in their trenchant opposition to rhetoric, oratory, and their corresponding celebration of rhetorical simplicity that presidents have been most explicitly anti-intellectual. Here, the link between rhetorical simplicity and anti-intellectualism . . . is manifest. President Eisenhowers definition of an intellectual displays this link: the intellectual . . . [is] a man who takes more words than are necessary to tell more than he knows, he once proposed. A Nixon speechwriter echoes this statement when he observes: the people who are most eloquent are often the least wise. As a Regan speechwriter observes, One of the great myths of the modern age in particular is that great speeches and effective leadership [are] about speaking cleverly. (Elvin T. Lim, The Anti-Intellectual Presidency: The Decline of Presidential Rhetoric from George Washington to George W. Bush. Oxford University Press, 2008)In October 1966, knowing that the Labour Minister (and one-time Fellow of New College, Oxford) Richard Crossman would be winding up a debate on prices and incomes, [Margaret Thatcher] took the opportunity to discredit her opponents eloquence in advance. We are all used to the right hon. Gentlemans ebullient, effervescent style, she said. It is always extremely attractive. It is often something of an Oxford Union style. Responding to some laughter in the Chamber, she went on: I assure hon. Members that I am making no blandishments. The right hon. Gentleman has the kind of style which sounds tremendously impressive and which is most agreeable to listen to, but I find that one never believes a word of what he says because one knows that he is quite capable of making just as attractive an ebullient and effervescent speech tomorrow entirely contradicting all he has said today. . . .Of course, her own plain speaking is as much a rhetorical construction as the grandest of styles, and it is a relatively simple task to show that, knowingly or not, many of her assertions of pla in political sincerity are figuratively produced. We say what we mean and mean what we say, is one of many examples of her use of antimetabole, where, ironically, the circular and self-validating structure of the figure is asked to create an impression of straight talking. (Christopher Reid, Margaret Thatcher and the Gendering of Political Oratory. Oratory in Action, ed. by Michael Edwards and Christopher Reid. Manchester University Press, 2004) Anti-Rhetoric As a Strategic Act: Mark Antony,Silvio Berlusconi, and Donald Trump [T]he I just want to tell it like it is maneuver is a familiar one in the annals of rhetoric. It’s what Mark Antony is up to when he says to the Roman crowd in Julius Caesar, I am no orator, as Brutus is; / But, as you know me all, a plain, blunt man,† in the midst of his â€Å"Friends, Romans and countrymen† speech, one of the most cunning displays of technical rhetoric, not only in Shakespeare, but in the English language. Rhetoric  is the language Rome’s elite used to debate; by denying that he knows the first thing about it, Mark Antony is in effect tearing up his gold membership card and reassuring his plebeian audience that, though he may look rich and powerful, he is really one of them. Nearly four centuries after Shakespeare wrote those words, Silvio Berlusconi successfully struck the same pose in modern Italy. If there’s one thing I can’t abide it’s  rhetoric, he told the Italian public. All I’m interested in is what needs to get done.But for all its protests,  anti-rhetoric  is just another form of rhetoric and, whether Mr. [Donald]  Trump is conscious of it or not, it has its own  rhetorical  markers. Short sentences (We have to build a wall, folks!) that pummel the listener in a series of sharp jabs. . . .Anti-rhetoric  also uses I and you  constantly, because its central goal is not to lay out an argument but to assert a relationship, and a story about us and our struggle against them. It says the things society has deemed unsayable, at least in part to demonstrate contempt for the  rhetorical  conventions imposed by the elite—and if that elite then cries out in horror, so much the better.(Mark Thompson, T rump and the Dark History of Straight Talk. The New York Times, August 27, 2016) The term rhetoric of anti-rhetoric refers to the fact that many public speakers, in politics and law courts, self-consciously distance themselves from perverse uses of deceitful rhetoric, while presenting themselves as courageous truth-tellers. They use this topos in their self-presentation to align themselves squarely with public interest, and that would obviously give them an edge in a competitive environment. Speakers demonstrate in this way that they are aware of the importance of speeches as a vehicle for deliberation and of the dangers posed by deceptive communication [Jon Hesk, 2000:pp. 4-5]. The topos not only functions as a strategic act of self-authorisation, it is also inherently antagonistic in that one distances oneself from ones adversaries, who are, it is implied, likely to engage in illicit rhetorical maneuvering (ibid. pp. 169, 208). (Ineke Sluiter, Deliberation, Free Speech and the Marketplace of Ideas. Bending Opinion: Essays on Persuasion in the Public Domain, ed. by Ton Van Haaften, Henrike Jansen, Jaap De Jong, and Willem De Koetsenruijter. Leiden University Press, 2011) Anti-Rhetoric in the Human Sciences Where is rhetoric to be found in the development of the human sciences? Boeckhs Enzklopadie includes rhetoric in the chapter on the empirical human sciences and understands it as a theory of stylistic speech form . . .. According to Boeckh, . . . [rhetoric] finally relapsed into insubstantial and affected verbosity. In the modern period, however, the theory of rhetoric made no progress, indeed it had been neglected and almost forgotten because attention is directed more towards intellectual substance than to form. Boeckhs statement indicates the three-fold aspects of anti-rhetoric apparent in the human sciences. First, form is considered as external, as something imposed upon the intellectual content; second, rhetoric is devalued as an unphilosophical artistic skill; and third, as a persuasive art it is subordinated to the dialectical theory of knowledge.(Walter Rà ¼egg, Rhetoric and Anti-Rhetoric in the 19th and 20th Century Human Sciences in Germany. The Recovery of Rhetoric: Persuasive Discourse and Disciplinarity in the Human Sciences, ed. by R.H. Roberts and J.M.M. Good. University  Press of Virginia, 1993) Anti-Anti-Rhetoric The invitation to rhetoric is not, I emphasize, an invitation to replace careful analysis with rhetoric, or to abandon mathematics in favor of name-calling or flowery language. The good rhetorician loves care, precision, explicitness, and economy in argument as much as the next person. . . . The suspicion of rhetoric is as old as philosophy itself: we cannot use mere plausibility because an eloquent speaker could fool us: Socrates: And he who possesses the art [of rhetoric] can make the same thing appear to the same people just, now unjust, at will?Phaedrus: To be sure.( Phaedrus 261d) We need something, it has been said, besides the mere social fact that an argument proved persuasive.To such an objection the answers, then, are two. Science and other epistemologically pure methods can also be used to lie. Our defense must be to discourage lying, not to discourage a certain class of talk. Secondly, talk against talk is self-refuting. The person making it appeals to Anti-Anti-Rhetoric a social, nonepistemological standard of persuasiveness by the very act of trying to persuade someone that mere persuasion is not enough. (Deirdre N. McCloskey, The Rhetoric of Economics, 2nd ed. University  of Wisconsin Press, 1998)

Quantitative And Qualitative Methods Of Research Essay

Quantitative versus qualitative (Lichtman, M. 2006) It is true that most of the management in the business world go for mixed methodologies in order to attain comprehensive and accurate findings of the research. Having said that there are pros and cons of both the methods that are taken into account by the management in order to achieve set goals and overcome hindrances in the business. Qualitative method of research is a speedy process that provides fresh and inventive results with in- depth analysis of the matter of research. Statistical data may enlighten on the percentile of people switching over to other brand but it is only through interaction with the customer base that the reason behind the switch over can be found. Since qualitative method of research requires fewer participants, the findings can be achieved in lesser time as compared to quantitative method. A firsthand experience is an added advantage of this method since it allows the research to observe and then ask relevant question, which in turn save s time. While it is easy to highlight the pros of qualitative method, looking for advantages of quantitative method of analysis is no difficult. Since the advent of modern and sophisticated tools of statistical analysis, tremendous growth in the field of finance and econometrics has been witnessed. One vital distinction of the two is description versus measurements whereby quantitative exploration is commanded by extensive scale empirical surveys while qualitativeShow MoreRelatedQualitative Quantitative Research Methods1047 Words   |  5 PagesQualitative amp; Quantitative Research Methods PSY 326 Dr. Willow Aureala March 29, 2011 Qualitative amp; Quantitative Research Methods There are two types of research methods: qualitative and quantitative. 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Week Individual Assignment free essay sample

In this paper, we will go over the accelerates and differences as to clarify this knowledge. The research will delve into every bit of information that is obtained and used towards allowing us to better understand. It is important to understand just how many law enforcement agencies exist within our country. There are more than 17,000 state and local law enforcement agencies in the united States, ranging In size from one officer to more than 30,000 (Types of Law Enforcement Agencies, 2008).Starting from the bottom, we begin with the local aspect. Local police are designated to focus more on their city and communities within it. These policing agencies are rated by those cities within the government as a means of creating a more peaceful and balanced way of life in their area. Local police include everyone from municipal to regional officers that are bestowed with the duty of upholding the law within their hometowns and to uphold the moral and professional code that has been Instilled In them upon being employed by the city. We will write a custom essay sample on Week Individual Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Leadership within the policing field is not really something that is focused too much upon until recruits enforcement. Coming into the field, one is simply taught to focus more on keeping he peace and learning how to keep composure when it comes to dealing with all levels of crime. Being able to know how to handle ones self during those critical times yields a more positive outlook on how well they can do their Jobs. Is it at that point, much later on down the road that leadership comes to play an important role.That level of leadership comes from that one individual who has served their time out in the field, serving and protecting those they have sworn an oath to. That individual, the chief of police, oversees the duties of his men and the chain of command. If anything should take place that would cause the department to come under fire, the chief takes the weight and handles it all. They will go to bat for their men to ensure that all of the procedures and proper steps are taken to handle any and all questions, as well as all criticism that should be thrown their way because of that officers, or officers, actions.The Federal level of policing takes a step up on local policing, dealing with a much higher level of crime and doling out Justice. In 2004 alone, the greatest amount Federal employees consisted of United States Customs, Border enforcement, the Federal prisons, and the F. B. I. These individuals alone amounted to well over ten thousand officers. Taking a deeper look at the level in which these individuals do their Job, the principle functions of prevention, detection, and investigation of crime and the apprehension of alleged offenders (Federal Law Enforcement, 2015) .Federal agencies work hand in hand with the government itself to take on the biggest cases and are also called into work with local police if an investigation happens to be a bit much more for them and need bigger and better sources. The leadership basically runs the same way within the Federal front. However, it is safe to say that at that level of policing, those who are involved with the agencies receive a must more strict discipline. Suspension without pay or possibly termination could take place depending on the situation and how bad it is.Out in the field, the leadership skills of that individual who is in charge are very high up on the chain and everything must be on point when it comes to handling every single detail revolving around the apprehension and detaining of those who remain a wreath not Just to our country but to our cities as well. The State level of policing works with local police, as well, in investigations and other types of duties that extend beyond the resources that the local police departments have.The one thing to keep in mind is that there are some States who only contain a state highway patrol with their investigative team existing only as a separate unit. For instance, the Delaware State Police Department actually acts as a full-service police agenc y (The Leadership in Police Organizations Program in the Delaware State Police: Recommendations for Law Enforcement Leadership Development, 2009). Other states will Just rely on having their troopers stationed at different points all over and focus mainly on traffic issues (speeders, accidents, etc). The similarities are seen throughout the three levels of policing being that all three handle all levels of crime and threats. Organizational skills are most definitely a must when employed in the law enforcement field. Everything from being out in the field to collect evidence connects all law agencies and having this information available when it comes to being present in the courtroom. It does not matter at what level you are; all organizational skills remain the same. They are a part of what makes these individuals one step ahead of those who choose to lead a life of crime.The differences that exist between the levels of policing really Just are about where each one stands when it comes to handling crime along with serving and protecting. Where local police are more about going out into the communities and building relationships with those who reside there, State and Federal authorities are more involved with ensuring the safety of those exact individuals. Local police are about asking sure that of course their city is safe but it also about knowing that they have the support of those they took an oath for.Local and Federal are actually more involved on the crime front whereas State boys are Just seen as patrolmen and women. Federal agencies are also involved in more aspects such as Firearms and Tobacco and knowing that ins and outs of crime syndicates. In some ways, it seems that even those these three see Just about every type of crime that exists within everyday life, the Federal aspect is more of a round the clock obligation to take on the biggest levels of crime and criminal activity. The operational functions are Just about the same, as well.These individuals come into contact with everyday situations that to them are never-ending. Operations that take place in and out of the department are very detrimental to the way a Job is done. When it comes to confronting someone who poses a threat not only to those around them but themselves as well, there are procedures that are to be followed in order to keep the situation under control and anyone from getting hurt. It is best to be verbal with them and try to coax them into understanding what is more important than succumbing to actions that could yield dangerous consequences.All levels of policing are put through extensive training to better understand how to go about dealing with these types of circumstances. In closing, it is important to understand how each level of policing differs and what about them is similar in certain ways. No matter what the research gives us, it is very much agreed that no matter what sets these levels of policing apart from one another, their sole mission is to focus on keeping our country, states, and cities safe from any type of harm that may be brought upon us.

Us Commerce Secretary Stresses Urgency Of Winning Support For China In

Us Commerce Secretary Stresses Urgency Of Winning Support For China In World Trade Organization, Margaret B. Lowery Macroeconomics IB February 1, 2000 AFP, (January 26, 2000), US Commerce Secretary Stresses Urgency of Winning Support for China in World Trade Organization, http://www.US.Commerce_Secretary_stresses_Urgency_of_Winning_Support_for_China_in_WTO.htm The World Trade Organization (WTO) was formed on January 1, 1995, as successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which had regulated tariffs worldwide since 1947. The WTO regulates tariffs on services, intellectual property, food, and government purchasing. The Clinton administration has been working very hard to negotiate a deal with China, a nation we have given ?Most Favored Nation' status to, to enter into the World Trade Organization. After a long negotiation process, we have reached a deal with China. The conditions of the deal require China to open its markets to a wide range of US products and services and to permit increased investment in China by US firms. Of course the agreement has to be passed by Congress, which is bound to create a lively debate on the matter. US Commerce Secretary, William Daley, is trying to convince America that this deal with China is critical to their pocketbooks. He says, If you enjoy this economic success we are participating in, this is an important piece of its future. I have a hard time seeing how things will change if China is admitted to the WTO. We already trade a great deal with China and have given them ?Most Favored Nation' status already. I think there are several reasons why we should not let China into the WTO. There are several political risks involved with this deal with China. Organized labor and environmental groups are using this deal to somehow introduce environmental conditions and labor rights into the WTO rules. Although they are in opposition to the deal right now, they will construct a bargain in which they will trade their support of Chinese membership for the rules to be added. Chinese membership is also a great risk for China. The increased imports from the United States and other countries and the production in China by foreign firms will provide strong competition to many of the state-owned industries. I think this will force many Chinese businesses to close down. The only other solution would be to cut back on workers at these companies, which would increase the unemployment rate in China. The resulting rise in unemployment can hurt their economy and cost them a lot of money. The last, and perhaps most important issue in this debate is over China's human rights and labor st andards. China is a communist country, which is something Americans seem to completely disagree with. If I recall, Little Elian from Cuba (another Communist country) is stuck in the middle of a debate over whether we should send him back to his country because it is Communist and we are so against that form of government. If we are so appalled by Communism, why do we want to give ?Most favored nation' status to one of the few remaining Communist countries? That is why we have an embargo on Cuba. When China is ready to take steps forward in human rights and labor standards, then we can talk about trade agreements. Economics Essays